PATIENT-SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION INCONGENITAL HEART DISEASE SURGERY: ADVANCED 3DRECONSTRUCTION, HAEMODYNAMIC MODELLING,COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS AND DIGITAL TWIN APPLICATIONS IN SVASD
DOI : 10.36106/paripex
PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH | Volume - 15 | Issue - 06 |June - 2026 | PRINT ISSN No. 2250 - 1991
Congenital heart disease (CHD) represents one of the most complex fields of cardiovascular surgery because anatomical variation occurs at multiple spatial and physiological levels. Among the challenging lesions, sinus venosus atrial septal defect (SV-ASD) associated with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) requires precise reconstruction of abnormal venous pathways, atrial septal anatomy, and systemic venous flow dynamics. Conventional imaging provides excellent anatomical information but often lacks the ability to predict postoperative hemodynamics or allow physical surgical rehearsal. Recent advances in computational modelling, three-dimensional (3D) printing, artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), and digital twin technology have introduced a new paradigm of precision congenital cardiac surgery. Patient-specific computational models generated from CT/MRI datasets can reproduce anatomical geometry, simulate blood flow, calculate pressure gradients, estimate energy loss, and predict complications such as superior vena cava obstruction or pulmonary venous pathway stenosis. This review describes the complete workflow from image acquisition to digital reconstruction, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), fluid–structure interaction (FSI), 3D printed surgical models, and future AI-driven cardiac simulation. Mathematical foundations including Navier–Stokes equations, Reynolds number analysis, wall stress calculations, and haemodynamic energy modelling are discussed. The future developmentof real-timedigitalcardiactwinsmayenablevirtualtestingof surgical strategies before clinical intervention.
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